Motor Vehicle Thefts at an Urban University Max L. Bromley, Ed.D. University of South Florida (Tampa, FL)

Violence on campus has been empirically examined by many researchers. While the importance of raising public awareness with respect to campus crimes of violence, or the need to conduct research in this area, should not be underestimated, there is another important facet of the campus crime phenomenon. In order to develop a more comprehensive understanding, it would seem appropriate to examine the extent of property crime. The present study examines one category of campus property crime-motor vehicle theft. This particular crime was selected due to the high dollar value associated with it and its generally accurate reporting rate.

Tamper-indicating devices, also called security seals, are widely used to detect tampering or unauthorized entry. We studied 94 different security seals, both passive and electronic, developed either commercially or by the United States Government. Most of these seals are in wide-spread use, including for critical applications. We learned how to defeat all 94 seals using rapid, inexpensive, low-tech methods. Cost was not a good predictor of seal security. It appears to us that many of these seals can be drastically improved with minor, low-cost modifications to either the seal or the use protocol. Social Correlates of Workplace Violence Within the Fast Food Domain: A Qualitative Analysis Thomas R. O'Connor, Ph.D. Southeastern Louisiana University This paper reports the results of qualitative research for workplace violence, concentrating particularly on by the fast food employee perpetrator focusing on the foreground and the meaning of work, and factors such as expectation of romantic involvement and underemployment. These can perhaps contribute to a uncover interpersonal patterns which are meaningfully, if not statistically, correlated to violent episodes.

In a controlled, "mock crime" exercise, a total of $7,000 worth of merchandise was shoplifted from two different locations (a mall and a series of independent retail business). Utilizing physical and procedural dimensions of loss prevention; perceptual aspects of security were analyzed. Early contact between the potential thief and physical barriers suggests that a perception of "protection" exists, therefore creating dissonance in the mind of the taker. This delay in decision making by the perpetrator is a factor when discussed within a specific time frame. According to the amateur shoplifter, proximity of sales personnel and amount of time in the store were significant in their success.

A Workplace Violence Prevention Planning Model Donald W. Myers, DBA Virginia Commonwealth University

In sum, 20 percent of all workplace fatalities are due to workplace violence (Toscano and Windau, 1995); 16 percent of all assaults, 7 percent of all rapes, 8 percent of all robberies, and 15 percent of all violent criminal acts in the U.S. occur in the workplace (U.S. Department of Justice, 1994). This data only includes violence to employees while they are working or in a pay status. Not included are violent acts occurring in the workplace that are perpetrated against off-duty employees and other persons. The net result is that the data on workplace violence significantly understates the problem. A model for prevention is offered.

Private firms are responding to profit incentives by providing an ever growing number and variety of services that have traditionally been produced by public agencies. One of the most controversial areas of privatization is in the criminal justice arena. The growth in private sector demand for various crime prevention and protection services, and equipment, appears to be even more dramatic than public-sector contracting out. This paper will explore the circumstances under which cost/quality tradeoffs may and may not apply.

In the UK, security measures are often installed as requirements of insurance policies. Yet, because insurance is a business, there are assertations that insurers are insisting on costly minimum security requirements effectively rendering insurance impossible for the most at risk and, also, most needy members of society. Such accusations are denied by the insurance industry. This study was designed to investigate these issues in one inner-city area.

In a continuation of the article that appeared in Volume 19, Number 1, Part Two covers 1970 to 1995; civil rights to the information age. Solutions presented are representative of strategies utilized by local districts, states and the federal government to establish programs to prevent school violence.

Constituent Satisfaction With Campus Police Don C. Hummer, M.S. Michigan State University Victor W. Bumphus, ABD Eastern Kentucky University

The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions of faculty and administrators, staff, parents, and students (hereafter 'constituents') toward the campus police department at a state-supported, eastern university. Based on a self-administered questionnaire, constituents were asked to assess the everyday activities, duties, functions, and goals of the campus police.

Following rapid growth from the 1960's, the security industry has been subject to a range of criticisms by police, criminologists, civil libertarians and journalists. Criticisms of the industry have at times been vitriolic, and include claims of corruption, fraud, incompetence and complicity in class warfare. This paper evaluates the contemporary critique of the security industry, drawing primarily on examples from the debate in Australia, and argues that many criticisms are ill-informed and theoretically unsophisticated.

In 1989, President George Bush, and the Nation's fifty governors, held a historic education summit that culminated in the adoption of six National Education Goals. These six broad goals were intended to serve as a framework for future reform efforts. Given the increases in reports of crime in society and violence in schools, it seems that America is making uncertain progress toward the sixth goal. This spiraling increase in crime and violence has also caused many to question the safety of their neighborhoods and schools.

Crime, and the threat of violence in American schools, has galvanized the attention of communities across our nation. Efforts to reduce the threat of criminal opportunity in school systems vary and can best be described as pluralistic. If any agreement can be reached on what is the best strategy to combat school crime and violence, it would be centered around developing community involvement in the solution. This paper is an overview of the nature and extent of school crime and how the Knox County, Tennessee School System developed a security and crime prevention survey to assess the levels of crime prevention and security procedures in their schools.

As new technologies develop, private security will rely less and less on persons and more on computers, robots, unmanned air, ground and water vehicles, surveillance devices, incapacitating chemicals and electronic devices. New technology can act more effectively, safely, and dependably than humans. If properly directed, it will perform routine duties such as intruder detection and building and perimeter protection. Hazardous activities may be accomplished by remote control thereby preserving humans from injury or death. This article will examine the devices, machines, chemicals and techniques that are on the horizon for private security and the type of persons who will be needed to use and direct the 21st century technology.

The private investigator often walks a fine line between what is legally permissible, and what is not, in regard to the citizen's right to privacy. However, a right to privacy has never been universally accepted, and to what extent the private citizen can enjoy this right and what this right actually encompasses. This paper deals primarily with the assignment of liability due to the tortious acts of a private investigator in regard to surveillance and eavesdropping.

Security managers and directors were surveyed to identify the executive training seminar topics they consider most important to enhance their careers. Almost 1,500 respondents ranked their preferences for 3-5 academically oriented training seminars, with specific focus on management and skill development for security executives. Topics such as total quality management, and marketing security within the corporation were perceived as being most needed. Management and computer related topics were consistently rated as being useful for executive security professionals. The need for particular seminar topics in geographic areas and for specific industries is highlighted.

Security managers and directors were surveyed to identify their preferences when hiring undergraduates and graduate degree holders for security positions. Almost 1,500 respondents ranked their preferences for undergraduates persons from six different academic programs. Overall, security professionals indicated a greater demand for undergraduates in comparison to graduates. They preferred those majoring in criminal justice/security with coursework in business, followed by criminal justice/security, and business with coursework in security at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. There were no dramatic difference in hiring preferences by geographic region.

Private Security in the Twenty-First Century: An Opinion Richter H. Moore, Jr., Ph.D., J.D. Appalachian State University (Boone, NC)

As crime and criminal organizations change so must public law enforcement and private policing. Some have suggested that 21st century public law enforcement will spend most of its time and resources attempting to limit violence and disorder, with little, or no, time or resources for investigating and solving crimes, particularly property crimes. Resources will be focused primarily on violent crime which cause major personal injury or death. Consequently, individuals, neighborhoods, communities, commercial and business enterprises will be forced to assume the responsibility for protecting themselves and their property. This means the private security industry will see unprecedented growth beginning in the first quart of the 21st century.

Private security is a rapidly expanding, and powerful, segment of the social control enterprise. Security personnel now outnumber police officers in Canada, in the United States, and in Britain. Armed with powers that rival or exceed those invested in the police, security officers possess the capability of penetrating public privacy in contexts as varied as the housing, commercial, recreational, educational, and health care sectors. This paper seeks to add to the knowledge of security work in Canada by presenting findings from a recent case study of an in-house agency servicing a large post-secondary educational institution located in central Canada. Emerging trends and issues in security provision are identified and their implications for recruitment, training, and service delivery are discussed.

The determination of risk zones, in areas where adult parole and probation officers go to supervise their clients, is an area in need to research. Officers enter these places often unaware of risks. As a former intern for the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction's Bureau of Parole and Community Services, this author voluntarily researched this topic in Mansfield, Ohio. With the help of Mansfield's Unemployment Bureau, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Mansfield Police Department, and Mansfield's Board of Elections, data was gathered to determine the level of risk in the areas supervised by adult parole and probation officers in Mansfield, Ohio.

Our study seeks to predictively validate a brief, inexpensive, and easily administered test for use with special event security officers. We examined the ability of the Inwald Survey (IS3), to predict the performance of 61 seasonally employed security officers. A critical incident job analysis was conducted and a behaviorally anchored rating scale was developed. Officers were administered the IS3, and performance data was collected after six weeks. Criteria validation revealed that about 20% of the variance in absence, lateness, and supervisory ratings were accounted for by this instrument. No significant variance was found for supervisors' over-all assessment of officers. Discriminant analysis indicated that the IS3 was better at classifying persons on a performance appraisal rating (acceptable v. unacceptable) and absenteeism/lateness potential than it was a predicting the termination and employment decisions of supervisors. Although raters appeared to evidence a significant race bias in evaluating black officers, the IS3 was not found to adversely impact these officers.